What document must be signed by the patient to allow the collection of a specimen?

The correct answer is the Informed Consent Form. This document is critical in the specimen collection process as it ensures that the patient is fully aware of and agrees to the procedures that will be performed, including any potential risks and benefits. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical and legal requirement in healthcare, emphasizing the patient's autonomy and right to make informed decisions about their own medical care.

The other documents, while important in their own contexts, do not serve the same purpose. The Chain of Custody Form is used to maintain the integrity of specimens in situations where legal implications are involved, ensuring that there is a documented history of the specimen's handling. The Specimen Release Form is typically related to the transfer of specimens to another entity but does not explicitly indicate patient consent for collection. The Transport Authorization Form pertains to the logistics of moving specimens and does not involve the patient's consent for the initial collection process.